|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Ambrosia
|
Wahl et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Cecropia, charcoal
|
Aragon-Moreno et al. 2012
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Peru
|
Zea mays, Chen/Ams
|
Chepstow-Lusty et al. 2003
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Cucurbitaceae
|
Torrescano-Valle & Islebe 2015
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural expansion
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Heliconia
|
Neff et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Coastal human presence
|
Colombia
|
Zea mays, Cocos nucifera
|
Gonzalez et al. 2010
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural/Disturbance group
|
Guatemala & Mexico
|
Amaryllidaceae, Asteraceae, Cassia, Cecropia, Celtis, Poaceae, Vitex
|
Correa-Metrio et al. 2011
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Agricultural/Disturbance group
|
Guatemala
|
Asteraceae, Mimosa, Cheno/Ams
|
Wahl et al. 2007
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Agriculture and Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Convolvulaceae
|
Aragon-Moreno et al. 2018
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Amazonian disturbance
|
Ecuador lowlands
|
Celtis, Trema, Iriartea
|
Colinvaux et al. 1988
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Amazonian disturbance
|
Ecuador lowlands
|
Trema, Tubuliflorae, Chen/Ams, Labiatae, Plantago, Caryophyllaceae
|
Bush & Colinvaux 1988
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
Eastern Amazonia
|
Ipomoea, Manihot, Cucurbita
|
Maezumi et al. 2018a,b
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
SW-Colombia
|
Ipomoea, Manihot, Spermacoce, Zea mays
|
Wille et al. 2000
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
N-Colombia
|
Phaseolus, Zea mays, Cyathula
|
Velasquez & Monsalve 2009
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Combined cultigens indicator
|
N-Colombia
|
Zea mays, Cucurbitaceae, Smilax, Amaranthus
|
Velasquez & Monsalve 2009
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Crop cultivation
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Amaranthus, Capsicum, Chenopodium
|
Berrio et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Cultivating homegardens
|
Marie-Galante
|
Palms, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Cecropia, Coccoloba, Acrocomia
|
Casile 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Disturbance group
|
Honduras
|
Cheno/Ams, Ambrosia, Compositae, Zea, Gramineae
|
Rue 1987
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Disturbed vegetation
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Mimosa, Asteraceae
|
Islebe et al. 2001
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Marie-Galante
|
Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Cecropia, charcoal, Poaceae, Moraceae,
Sapotaceae
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Grenada
|
Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Cecropia, Moraceae, charcoal, Poaceae,
Solanaceae, Anacardiaceae, Araceae, Bursera, Coccoloba, Moraceae,
Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Marantaceae, Sapotaceae, Spondias sp.
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Grenada
|
Cecropia, Moraceae, charcoal, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Spondias,
Coccoloba, Marantaceae, Sapotaceae
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Martinique
|
Cladium, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Moraceae, charcoal, Poaceae,
Moraceae, Sapotaceae, Spondias
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Early human intervention
|
Trinidad
|
Poaceae, Cecropia, Moraceae, charcoal, Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae,
Spondias, Coccoloba, Marantaceae, Sapotaceae
|
Reid et al. 2018
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Poaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Borreria, Zea, Malvaceae
|
Aragon-Moreno et al. 2018
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Cheno/Ams
|
Lozano-Garcia et al. 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human disturbance indicator taxa
|
Costa Rica highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Thalictrum
|
Islebe et al. 1996
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Human disturbance indicator taxa
|
Eastern Cordillera
|
Cheno/Ams, Borreria, Dodonaea, Zea mays
|
Gomez et al. 2007
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact
|
Mexico
|
Zea mays, Plantago, Rumex
|
Almeida-Lenero et al. 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Dodonaea, Pinus, Rumex, Solanaceae, Zea mays
|
Moscol-Olivera et al. 2009
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Dodonaea, Rumex, Cheno/Ams
|
Moscol-Olivera & Hooghiemstra 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Colombia
|
Ipomoea-type, Manihot, Phaseolus-type, Zea mays, Cyperaceae
|
Wille et al. 2001
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Ambrosia, Trema, Cecropia, Melastomataceae
|
Leyden 1987
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Indicators of human disturbance
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Rumex, Cereals
|
Bakker et al. 2008
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Indicators of human disturbance
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Eucalyptus, Pinus, Rumex, Spermacoce
|
Wille et al. 2002
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Introduction Agriculture
|
Mexico
|
Zea, Ambrosia
|
Byrne & Horn 1989
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Maize agriculture
|
El Salvador
|
Zea mays, Ambrosia
|
Dull 2004a
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Maize agriculture
|
El Salvador
|
Zea mays, Cheno/Ams, Iresine/Alternanthera, Polygonum
|
Dull 2004a
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Maize agriculture
|
Costa Rica
|
Zea mays, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae
|
Johanson et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Mangrove disturbance
|
Colombian coast
|
Acrostichum, Polypodium, Thelypteris, Laguncularia
|
Gonzalez et al. 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Secundary forest taxa
|
Panama
|
Pilea, Trema, Urticacea, Moraceae, Cecropia
|
Piperno et al. 1991
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single cultigen indicator
|
Amazonia
|
Zea mays
|
Maezumi et al. 2018a,b
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single cultigen indicator
|
Latin America
|
Zea mays
|
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Bolivia
|
Avena
|
Brugger et al. 2016
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Bolivia
|
Avena
|
Brugger et al. 2016
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Brazil
|
Casuarina
|
Barreto et al. 2015; Haas et al. 2013
|
NO
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Brazil
|
Casuarina
|
Barreto et al. 2015; Haas et al. 2013
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Eucalyptus
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Eucalyptus
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Pinus
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
South America
|
Pinus
|
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex acetosella
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex acetosella
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes, Patagonia
|
Rumex
|
Rull & Schubert 1989; Musotto et al. 2016; Huber & Markgraf 2003
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes
|
Triticum
|
|
WEAK
|
|
TRUE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Venezuelan Andes
|
Triticum
|
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Introduced European weeds
|
Argentina
|
Rumex, Erodium, Carduus-type
|
Irurzun et al. 2014
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Exotic arboreal vegetation
|
Argentina
|
Eucalyptus, Pinus
|
Irurzun et al. 2014
|
STRONG
|
|
TRUE
|
Human influence
|
Argentina
|
Pinus, Myrtaceae, Brassicaceae, Tamaricaceae
|
Quattrocchio et al. 2008
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Single exotic indicator
|
Central-America
|
Alnus
|
Lim et al. 2013; Gutierrez-Ayala et al. 2012
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Amazonian disturbance
|
Ecuador lowlands
|
Charcoal, high abundances of Poaceae (15-20% of non-Cecropia pollen),
Cecropia (40-90%),, Zea mays
|
Bush & Colinvaux 1988
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural and deforestated land
|
Peru
|
High % Cheno/Ams, Ambrosia, Gramineae
|
Chepstow-Lusty & Jonsson 2000
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural expansion
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, increases in Asteraceae
|
Veléz et al. 2011
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural expansion
|
Guatemala
|
Declining Moraceae, Urticaceae, increasing grasses, Poaceae,
Tubuliflorae, Byrsonima
|
Johnston et al. 2001
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural interval
|
Panama
|
High % Pilea, Trema, Cecropia, Gramineae, Melastomataceae
|
Bush & Colinvaux 1994
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Agricultural occupation
|
Costa Rica
|
Zea mays, charcoal, ecological disturbance indicators, changes in
sediment mass accumulation rates, Anthoceros spores
|
Anchukaitis & Horn 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest deforestation
|
Colombia highlands
|
Mutual loss of Quercus, Podocarpus, Weinmannia
|
Velasquez & Hooghiemstra 2013; González-Carranza et al. 2012; Muñoz
et al. 2017
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest depletion
|
Bogota Basin
|
Decrease Quercus, Alnus, Myrica
|
Van der Hammen & Gonzalez 1965
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest destruction
|
Cordillera Oriental
|
Rise Dodonaea, Rumex
|
Bosman et al 1994
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Andean forest destruction
|
Cordillera Oriental
|
Rise Dodonaea, Increase Gramineae, decline forest elements
|
Van Geel & Vd Hammen 1973
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Canopy opening
|
Costa Rica
|
Peaks in Chamaesyce (herb), increased % Asteraceae
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Combined cultigen and disturbance
|
SW-Colombia (dry)
|
Zea mays, Spermacoce (disturbance)
|
Velez et al. 2005
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Combined proxy
|
Costa rica
|
fern spores, Gramineae increase, charcoal, Zea mays
|
Northop & Horn 1996
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Cultivation
|
Mexico
|
Increases, co-occurrence Zea, Gramineae, high-spine compositae
|
Conserva & Byrne 2002
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Cultivation
|
Mexico
|
Peaks of Zea with decreases of Alnus
|
Conserva & Byrne 2002
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Deforestation
|
Mexico
|
Decrease Pinus, Alnus, Quercus
|
Berrio et al. 2006
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Disturbance group
|
Guatemala
|
Increases of Trema, Myrtaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Solanaceae, Ericaceae,
Polygalaceae
|
Vaughan et al. 1985
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Domesticated fungi
|
Mexico
|
Presence of dung fungi Podospora-type, Cercophora-type,
Sporormiella-type.
|
Berrio et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Edible plant classification
|
Eastern Amazonia
|
The relative Increased richness, the relative abundance of edible
plants. Lists in SM.
|
Maezumi et al. 2018a,b
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest clearance for agriculture, hydrarch succession, or both
|
Costa Rica
|
anthocerotophyta spores, Poaceae, Cyperacea, charcoal
|
Anchukaitis & Horn 2005
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest clearing
|
Costa Rica
|
inverse relationship between the Pentaclethra, premontane/montane pollen
curves may indicate clearing of local populations by people, which could
have reduced the influx of Pentaclethra pollen while increasing the
influx of premontane/montane pollen from distant forests
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest disturbance and /or plot abandonment
|
Costa Rica
|
High percentages Cecropia
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Forest recovery
|
Costa Rica
|
Peaks in diporate, triporate Urticales pollen
|
Kennedy & Horn, 2008
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Ground disturbance associated with plant domestication
|
Peru
|
Increase of Cheno/Ams, Ambrosia with presence of Alternanthera, Zea mays
|
Hansen et al. 1994; Chepstow et al. 1998
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
High human disturbance
|
Costa Rica
|
High Poaceae, Cheno/Ams, Asteraceae, fern percentages
|
Clement & Horn 2001 (see several references); Kennedy & Horn,
2008
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
High Cheno-Ams, reduction Pinus
|
Lozano-Garcia et al. 1997
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Increases, co-occurrence Zea, Gramineae, high-spine compositae, Ambrosia
|
Goman & Byrne 1998
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Human activity
|
Mexico
|
Increases Poaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Ambrosia, presence Zea
mays
|
Lozano-Gracia et al. 2021
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Human disturbance
|
Panama
|
High Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae
|
Piperno & Jones 2003
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Human disturbance
|
Panama
|
Increases Cecropia, Heliconia, Byrsonima, Trema, Acalypha, Gramineae
(and charcoal)
|
Piperno et al. 1990
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human impact
|
Dominican Republic
|
Amaranthaceae decrease, Pinus increase
|
Caffrey et al. 2011
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Human impact indicators
|
Ecuador highlands
|
Presence, Trema, Celtis with charcoal
|
Villota et al. 2017
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Human occupation
|
Mexico
|
High Ambrosia, Asteraceae
|
Correa-Metrio et al. 2011
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Human occupation
|
Peru
|
Increase grasses, Cheno/Ams, charcoal, loss of arboreal species, rising
lake levels
|
Valencia et al. 2010
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Intense deforestation
|
Mexico
|
Presence of Zea mays, high values (40-60%) of disturbance indicators
(Asteraceae, Ambrosia, Cheno/Am, Iresine, Poaceae, Paspalum, Piper,
Pilea, Hyptis),, low forest taxa
|
Caballero et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Intensification of land clearance
|
Peru
|
Increase of Ambrosia, Chen-Ams with parallel decrease of Alnus,
Hedyosmum, Podocarpus
|
Weng et al. 2006
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Introduction Agriculture
|
Mexico
|
Rise Cheno/Ams, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Zea (,reduction alder)
|
Brown 1984
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Livestock expansion
|
Mexico
|
Increases Prosopis velutina with grasses
|
Ortega-Rosas et al. 2016
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Mangrove disturbance
|
Colombian coast
|
Laguncularia, Acrostichum (fern)
|
Urrego et al. 2010
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Mangrove disturbance
|
Colombian coast
|
Expansion Laguncularia racemosa, Avicenna germinans, decrease Rhizophora
mangle
|
Urrego et al. 2018
|
NO
|
|
FALSE
|
Mixed disturbance
|
Costa Rica
|
Abrupt changes in dominance of Poaceae, Asteraceae, Mimosoid Fabaceae,
charcoal (macro+micro)
|
Anchukaitis & Horn 2005
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Onset of maize cultivatation
|
Peru
|
Charcoal peak, Poaceae increase, forest decline, Zea appearance
|
Bush et al. 2015
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Prehispanic land use practices
|
Guatemala
|
Zea mays, Asteraceae, Poaceae, low forest %
|
Wahl et al. 2014
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Human presence
|
Patagonia
|
Fluctuations between forest and disturbance indicators and increased
fire
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American forest clearance in last c. 150 yr
|
Patagonia
|
Decrease of Nothofagus abundance and increase of disturbance and
introduced taxa (e.g. Rumex acetosella and Plantago spp.)
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Pre-European burning
|
Patagonia
|
High but variable Notofagus abundance and fire activity
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
Increased fire activity and decreased Pilgerodendron
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
Loss of forest
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
High values of Apiaceae and Poaceae, and high fire activity
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
STRONG
|
|
FALSE
|
Euro-American influence (settlement and forest clearance) during Spanish
exploration and colonization
|
Patagonia
|
Increase of disturbance indicators with decrease of Nothofagus
dombeyi-type pollen
|
Nanavati et al. 2019
|
WEAK
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NA
|
|
|
|
|
|